A study of pain

20 null terms

Auxiliary

adjective

1) supplementary; 2) offering or providing help; 3) functioning in a subsidiary capacity.

Example: Such applications can be found in the realm of state-of-consciousness diagnostics (Naci et al., 2012), communication on important medical issues with “locked-in”-patients (Sorger et al., 2012) or auxiliary treatment in psychotherapy or rehabilitation. (A. Kaas, R. Goebel, G. Valente, and B. Sorger, “Topographic somatosensory imagery for real-time fMRI brain-computer interfacing,” Front. Hum. Neurosci., vol. 13, p. 427, 2019.)

ru: вспомогательный/ запасной/ дополнительный

Bout of shingles

Shingles, also called herpes zoster, is a disease that triggers a painful skin rash. It is caused by the same virus as chickenpox, the varicella-zoster virus. After you recover from chickenpox (usually as a child), the virus continues to live in some of your nerve cells.

ru: приступ опоясывающего лишая

Dimorphic

adjective

1) occurring in two distinct forms; 2) combining qualities of two kinds of individuals in one.

Example: 1. In addition, various immune cells are also present within the DRG and the spinal cord, potentially contributing to sexually dimorphic signaling that may contribute to the chronification of pain.2. Chronic pain occurs with greater frequency in women, with a parallel sexually dimorphic trend reported in sufferers of many autoimmune diseases (K. Linher-Melville, A. Shah, and G. Singh, “Sex differences in neuro(auto)immunity and chronic sciatic nerve pain,” Biol. Sex Differ., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 62-91, 2020.).

ru: диморфный

Equivocal

1) subject to two or more interpretations and usually used to mislead or confuse; 2) uncertain as an indication or sign; 3) of uncertain nature or classification; 4) of uncertain disposition toward a person or thing.

Example: The inference from the above studies is that evidence of pre-emptive analgesia with epidural infusions of local anaesthetics to prevent long-term PLP/CPAP is mixed or equivocal. Reference: D. Srivastava, “Chronic post-amputation pain: peri-operative management - Review,” Br. J. Pain, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 192–202, 2017.

ru: двусмысленный

Immutable

adjective

not capable of or susceptible to change

Example: The profound differences between acute and chronic pain emphasize the fact that pain is not generated by an immutable, hard-wired system, but rather results from the engagement of highly plastic molecules and circuits, the molecular biochemical and neuroanatomical basis of which are the focus of current studies. Importantly, this new information has identified a host of potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of pain. (A. I. Basbaum, D. M. Bautista, G. Scherrer, and D. Julius, “Cellular and molecular mechanisms of pain,” Cell, vol. 139, no. 2, pp. 267–284, 2009.)

ru: неизменный

Impingement

noun

1) intrusion into an area belonging to or affecting someone or something else. 2) medicine: # a painful condition caused by rubbing or pressure on a tendon, nerve, etc., by adjacent structures.

Example: 1. Sciatica, a common type of neuropathic pain attributed to impingement of, or injury to, one or both of the sciatic nerves, is experienced by up to 10% of patients with chronic lower back pain, with a reported lifetime prevalence that ranges from 49 to 70%. 2. While a greater number of cell-sorted macrophages, monocytes, and neutrophils were present in DRG of both sexes following pain-inducing nerve impingement, more B cells were detected in males, and more T lymphocytes were detected in females. (K. Linher-Melville, A. Shah, and G. Singh, “Sex differences in neuro(auto)immunity and chronic sciatic nerve pain,” Biol. Sex Differ., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 62-91, 2020.).

ru: столкновение/ удар/ покушение

Intact

adjective

1) untouched especially by anything that harms or diminishes : entire, uninjured; 2) of a living body or its parts : having no relevant component removed or destroyed.

Example: He proposed that there is a disperse network of neurons throughout the brain that produce a characteristic pattern of activity indicating the intact state of the body (K. T. Reilly and A. Sirigu, “The motor cortex and its role in phantom limb phenomena,” Neuroscientist, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 195–202, 2008.).

ru: интактный/ нетронутый

Intermittent

adjective

1) coming and going at intervals : not continuous; 2) occasional.

Example: Although it is not uncommon for patients to report that phantom sensations are present all the time, it is more common for phantom limb pain to be intermittent: short episodes (lasting only seconds or minutes) of pain (often severe), which can occur several times a day. Reference: A. Woodhouse, “Phantom limb sensation,” Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol., vol. 32, no. 1–2, pp. 132–134, 2005.

Lesion

noun

Example: Neuropathic pain is a frequent condition caused by a lesion or disease of the central or peripheral somatosensory nervous system. Reference:D. C. Rosenberger, V. Blechschmidt, H. Timmerman, A. Wolff, and R.-D. Treede, “Challenges of neuropathic pain: focus on diabetic neuropathy,” J. Neural Transm. (Vienna), vol. 127, no. 4, pp. 589–624, 2020.

ru: поражение

Lifespan

noun

1) the average length of life of a kind of organism or of a material object especially in a particular environment or under specified circumstances; 2) the duration of existence of an individual.

Example: 1. The main premise of the pregnancy compensation hypothesis is that all placental mammals, including women, evolved to support high parity across a lifespan. 2. A large-scale longitudinal study of over 45,000 participants in 16 European countries examined the prevalence of chronic pain over a lifespan. (K. Linher-Melville, A. Shah, and G. Singh, “Sex differences in neuro(auto)immunity and chronic sciatic nerve pain,” Biol. Sex Differ., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 62-91, 2020.)

ru: срок жизни

Multifaceted

adjective

having many facets or aspects

Example: Recent scientific advances emerging from interdisciplinary research between neuroscience, virtual reality, robotics, and prosthetics show the greatest promise for alternative embodiment and maintaining the integrity of the multifaceted representation of the body in the brain. Reference: B. Lenggenhager, C. A. Arnold, and M. J. Giummarra, “Phantom limbs: pain, embodiment, and scientific advances in integrative therapies: Phantom limbs,” Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Cogn. Sci., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 221–231, 2014.

ru: многогранный

Nociceptive

adjective

relating to the perception or sensation of pain.

Example: IASP taxonomy differentiates NP from nociceptive pain and—more recently—nociplastic pain. Nociceptive pain describes “pain through activation of nociceptors in non-neural tissues by actual or threatened tissue injury”, while nociplastic pain is defined as “pain that arises from altered nociception despite no clear evidence of actual or threatened tissue damage causing the activation of peripheral nociceptors or evidence for disease or lesion of the somatosensory system causing the pain” (IASP 2011; Kosek et al. 2016; Loeser and Treede 2008). Reference: D. C. Rosenberger, V. Blechschmidt, H. Timmerman, A. Wolff, and R.-D. Treede, “Challenges of neuropathic pain: focus on diabetic neuropathy,” J. Neural Transm. (Vienna), vol. 127, no. 4, pp. 589–624, 2020.

ru: ноцицептивный

Noxious

adjective

1) physically harmful or destructive to living beings; 2) constituting a harmful influence on mind or behavior.

Example: 1.The ability to detect noxious stimuli is essential to an organism's survival and wellbeing. 2. Nociceptors are excited only when stimulus intensities reach the noxious range, suggesting that they possess biophysical and molecular properties that enable them to selectively detect and respond to potentially injurious stimuli. There are two major classes of nociceptors. Reference: A. I. Basbaum, D. M. Bautista, G. Scherrer, and D. Julius, “Cellular and molecular mechanisms of pain,” Cell, vol. 139, no. 2, pp. 267–284, 2009.

ru: вредный

Perioperative

adjective

1)relating to, occurring in, or being the period around the time of a surgical operation 2)The perioperative period is the time period of a patient's surgical procedure. It commonly includes ward admission, anesthesia, surgery, and recovery. 3)The perioperative care is the practice of patient-centered, multidisciplinary, and integrated medical care of patients from the moment of contemplation of surgery until full recovery

Example: The authors could not demonstrate robust evidence (level 1 Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine) for any peri-operative analgesia technique (epidural bupivacaine plus morphine/diamorphine or peri-neural bupivacaine) to prevent CPAP but did report level 2b evidence for the role of epidural pre-emptive analgesia in preventing acute post-amputation pain. Reference: D. Srivastava, “Chronic post-amputation pain: peri-operative management - Review,” Br. J. Pain, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 192–202, 2017.

ru: периоперационный

Plexus

noun

1) a network of anastomosing or interlacing blood vessels or nerves; 2) an interwoven combination of parts or elements in a structure or system.

Example: The 2 patients who experienced pain during real training had brachial plexus root avulsion and also experienced pain during random training. Reference: T. Yanagisawa et al., “BCI training to move a virtual hand reduces phantom limb pain: A randomized crossover trial: A randomized crossover trial,” Neurology, vol. 95, no. 4, pp. e417–e426, 2020.

ru: сплетение

Posture

noun

1) the position or bearing of the body whether characteristic or assumed for a special purpose; 2) a conscious mental or outward behavioral attitude.

Example: Therefore a detailed interview about phantom sensations (including phantom limb usual posture) and motor capacities was performed before the beginning of the intervention. Reference: C. Mercier and A. Sirigu, “Training with virtual visual feedback to alleviate phantom limb pain,” Neurorehabil. Neural Repair, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 587–594, 2009.

ru: поза/ расположение духа

Pre-emptive

adjective

1) of or relating to preemption; 2) marked by the seizing of the initiative : initiated by oneself.

Example: 1. Education of foundation doctors and ward nurses is key to achieving pre-emptive analgesia as they are often the first responders. 2. Pre-emptive analgesia is an attractive proposition to reduce noxious sensitization of the central nervous system. Reference: D. Srivastava, “Chronic post-amputation pain: peri-operative management - Review,” Br. J. Pain, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 192–202, 2017.

ru: предупреждающий

Precontemplation

not yet acknowledging that there is a problem behavior that needs to be changed

Example: Support for the predictive validity of the measure was provided by Kerns and Rosenberg [6], who showed that higher levels of precontemplation are associated with an increased risk of drop out. Reference: E. Gersh, C. Arnold, and S. J. Gibson, “The relationship between the readiness for change and clinical outcomes in response to multidisciplinary pain management,” Pain Med., vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 165–172, 2011.

ru: предварительное обдумывание

Reliability

noun

1)the quality or state of being reliable; 2) the extent to which an experiment, test, or measuring procedure yields the same results on repeated trials.

Example: Finally, we examined the extent to which the measures of stability and sensitivity differed as a function of age and education level, anticipating that if any differences emerged, reliability and validity would be worse for the VAS than the other measures. Reference: P. Euasobhon, R. Atisook, K. Bumrungchatudom, N. Zinboonyahgoon, N. Saisavoey, and M. P. Jensen, “Reliability and responsivity of pain intensity scales in individuals with chronic pain,” Pain, vol. 163, no. 12, pp. e1184–e1191, 2022.

ru: надёжность/ достоверность/ прочность

Сompatible

adjective

1) capable of existing together in harmony; #compatible theories; #compatible people; 2) capable of cross-fertilizing freely or uniting vegetatively; 3) capable of forming a homogeneous mixture that neither separates nor is altered by chemical interaction.

Example: After instructing the participant before the scanning session, start and stop instructions during scanning can be given in any sensory stimulus modality (visual, auditory, tactile), as long as they are technically available and compatible with the user’s faculties. (A. Kaas, R. Goebel, G. Valente, and B. Sorger, “Topographic somatosensory imagery for real-time fMRI brain-computer interfacing,” Front. Hum. Neurosci., vol. 13, p. 427, 2019.)

ru: совместимый